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#Struggle syn professional

Although compensatory behaviors may give the illusion of success for a limited amount of time, they will ultimately serve to undermine the development of the strong foundational language skills students need for long-term literacy success. This is where a deficit in phonological working memory can erode progress and lead to frustration, anxiety, or compensatory behaviors to avoid relying on the targeted skills (Perrachione et al., 2017). Once students can identify the sounds, they then progress to blending, segmenting, manipulating, and associating them with graphemes. Hence, ensuring that students can discern the phonemes of our language is an important step in early literacy development. That means it is a combination of graphemes (letters and letter combinations) that represent phonemes (individual sounds) in words. Weak phonological working memory skills can undermine early literacy learning or impede academic progress (Nithart et al., 2010). When phonological working memory is weak, it can be very difficult for someone to recall the sounds and syllables heard in the stimulus. Because pseudo words have no meaning and are not presented in sentences or semantic contexts, students are dependent upon their phonological working memory to learn, discern, or recall the stimulus words. The most common way to assess phonological working memory is by having students repeat nonsense syllables and words that are stated by an examiner. Working memory can be assessed with tests of recalling digits or lists of words, but evaluating phonological working memory focuses specifically on hearing, retaining, and manipulating different sound units of language. It is common when evaluating students for language-based learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia, slow processing speed) to administer assessments of working memory (Gathercole & Pickering, 2000). Phonological working memory supports a variety of skills including vocabulary development, sentence and discourse processing, and acquisition of reading skills (Perrachione et al., 2017). The phonological loop component of working memory is commonly referred to as phonological working memory working memory that allows for processing sounds and then doing something with those sounds such as successfully blending them together to form a word.

phonological loop: mentally perceives, stores, and aids in reproduction of the sounds perceived in spoken words or indicated by written letters.

visuospatial sketchpad: stores and processes visual and spatial input.

central executive: drives all functions of working memory.

This involves three components of working memory (Baddeley, 2012 Allen et al., 2006): Richard Allen and colleagues (2006) refer to the “Multi-Store Model” of working memory memory processing that receives both visual and auditory input, retains the information, and processes the information. Working memory is a large and complex construct that has been the focus of extensive research. Our working memory helps us recall what we were doing before the distraction and helps to keep us on task or quickly get us back on task if distracted. In a classroom, if a student is working on a worksheet and a distraction of some sort occurs, working memory guides the student’s attention back to the worksheet once the distraction passes. Working memory is the part of one’s memory that temporarily stores small amounts of information needed to perform tasks. If the ad includes a phone number and you remember it long enough to retrieve your phone and dial, you have used working memory. You see an eye-catching product advertised on television, and you want to order it.

Web Resources for Families and Educators.

#Struggle syn professional

Professional Learning and Technical Assistance Services.Using Text Structures to Understand and Summarize Text Module.Understanding and Observing the Literacy Skills Associated With Dyslexia Module.Teaching Students to Map Phonemes to Graphemes Module.

Small-Group, Skills-Based Instruction Module.Effective Vocabulary Instruction After Reading: Frayer Model Module.Implementing Literacy Programs & Initiatives.